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certain environments that require an additional examination to admit a
graduate of higher education to their group.

Portugal

The comprehensive Portuguese Qualifications Framework (Quadro Nacional

de Qualificações - QNQ) is a single reference for classifying all qualifications in
the Portuguese education and training system. Portugal referenced its national
qualifications levels to the EQF and self-certified to the qualifications framework
of the European Higher Education Area (QFEHEA) in 2011. In 2017, a national
credit system for vocational education and training was created, aligned with
ECVET principles. This enables allocation of credit points to qualifications at NQF
level 2, 4 and 5, included in the national qualifications catalogue, and to

quality-assured and certified training.
The design of qualifications in terms of learning outcomes also enabled the
creation of the National credit system for vocational education and training,
aligned with ECVET principles and aimed at increasing permeability between
VET pathways and higher education.
The Portuguese NQF includes eight levels with descriptors defined in terms of
learning outcomes: knowledge, skills and attitudes. The learning outcomes
approach plays an important role in reforming Portuguese education and
training and was an underlying principle in the development of the national
qualifications catalogue.

Spain

The Spanish Qualification Framework is a national qualifications framework
(degrees, diplomas and certificates) that includes lifelong learning. It is a
structure that organises qualifications according to levels and comprises the
most basic to the most complex learning. It, therefore, covers general and adult

education, vocational education and training, as well as higher education. It
also includes qualifications obtained outside the education system through in-
service training, work activity, collaboration with NGOs, etc.
The Spanish Qualification Framework aims to correlate and coordinate the
different subsystems of education and training, including the qualifications
obtained in compulsory, post-secondary and higher education, and integrate
non-formal and informal learning validation.
The main objectives of the Spanish Qualification Framework are:
• Make qualifications more understandable by describing them in terms of
learning outcomes.

The European Commission's support for the production of this publication does not constitute an
endorsement of the contents, which reflect the views only of the authors, and the Commission cannot
be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.